Threat: This occurs when the auditor has a financial or other interest in the client that could impair objectivity. Examples include owning shares in the client company or having a close family member employed by the client.
Threat: This occurs when the auditor performs both audit and non-audit services for the client. This can create a conflict of interest, as auditors may be less likely to challenge the client’s management if they are put into the position of auditing their own work. Examples are preparation of the income tax provision or the determination of liabilities under a client’s employee pension plans.
Threat: This occurs when the auditor becomes too closely aligned with the client’s interests and acts as an advocate for the client or promotes the client’s interests or position. Examples include providing testimony on behalf of the client in a lawsuit or promoting investments in the client.
Threat: This occurs when the auditor becomes too familiar with the client’s management or employees and thus no longer exercises sufficient professional scepticism because the auditor has too much trust in the client and the client’s actions. This can impair the auditor’s professional scepticism and objectivity, as they may be less likely to question the client’s management or to report on any irregularities they find.
Threat: This occurs when the auditor is influenced by threats, pressure, or coercion from the client or a third party. This pressure can come from threats to dismiss the auditor, to reduce the audit fee, or to retaliate in some other way. This threat was deemed significant enough that it was statutorily prohibited by the provisions of Section 303 of SOX.
「デュー・ケア」とは法律用語で、特定の状況において人が行使することが期待される行動基準を指す。 公開会社会計監視委員会(PCAOB)のAS 1015:業務遂行におけるデュー・プロフェッショナル・ケア(Due Professional Care in the Performance of Work)では、デュー・ケア義務について論じており、有名な法律書であるCooley on Tortsを引用している:
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