The firm offers Audit and Assurance, Corporate Recovery and Insolvency services to national and international privately-owned entrepreneurial businesses across Luxembourg and across Europe. The firm deals with a variety of industries including technology, financial services, real estate, food manufacturing, hotels and consultancy organisations.
The addition of Global Osiris Audit & Expertise to Kreston Global’s network ensures a strengthening of accounting provision across its substantial European region, which consists of 61 member firms across 33 countries providing a range of financial, audit and accounting, taxation, and other advisory services to large and mid-sized businesses requiring inbound and outbound growth support and set up.
The firm will be rebranding to become Kreston Osiris Luxembourg over the next few months.
Liza Robbins, Chief Executive of Kreston Global, said:
“We are really pleased to welcome Global Osiris Audit & Expertise to our European region and our network as it brings a range of complimentary solutions for our Luxembourg service offering as well as considerable experience of operating within international networks. The firm will be a strong addition to our member firm lineup especially as it is located in such a key financial centre.”
Olivier Janssen, Managing Partner at Global Osiris said:
“We chose Kreston Global because of its member firm ethos and its great reputation for servicing entrepreneurial international businesses around the world. We can see enormous potential in our collaboration with Kreston and the network’s excellent member firms worldwide.”
News
Kreston Global announces new Singapore firm
April 15, 2024
Kreston Global has today welcomed Singapore firm, Helmi Talib LLP, to the Kreston Global network.
Established in 1992, Helmi Talib offers eight key service areas: Audit and Assurance, Tax Compliance and Advisory, Business Process Outsourcing, Liquidation and Receivership, Internal Audit, Payroll, Transaction, and Corporate Secretarial Services. For more than three decades, Helmi Talib has provided services to a wide range of clientele, the majority of which are subsidiaries of multinational organizations, and privately owned entrepreneurial businesses, under diverse sectors ranging from investment holdings, financial institutions, charities, and information technology to name a few.
The Firm was named by Singapore Business Review as one of Singapore’s top 30 accounting firms. Continuing to grow, the Firm today is led by five audit partners and five non-assurance directors supported by close to 80 staff.
Over the next few months, Helmi Talib Group will rebrand as Kreston Helmi Talib.
The addition of Kreston Helmi Talib to Kreston Global’s network further strengthens its Asia Pacific region, which consists of 45 member firms across 22 countries providing a range of financial, audit and accounting, taxation, and other advisory services to large and mid-sized businesses requiring inbound and outbound growth support and set up.
Liza Robbins, Chief Executive of Kreston Global, said:
“I’m delighted to welcome Kreston Helmi Talib to our network. Singapore serves as a major hub for our member firms in and beyond Asia, offering a dynamic business landscape which attracts our core market of companies with entrepreneurial organisations with a growth mindset. Kreston Helmi Talib’s extensive experience and client range make them both a natural fit for and a great asset to our network
Helmi Talib, Managing Partner at Kreston Helmi Talib said:
“The Kreston network has a great reputation for servicing entrepreneurial international businesses around the world, so joining the network is an exciting milestone in our professional journey. Given our extensive international client portfolio, Singapore being one of the world’s major hubs for inbound investment, we can see enormous potential in our collaboration with Kreston and the network’s excellent member firms across the globe.”
News
Kreston Global network welcomes new Argentinian firm
Kreston BA Argentina has been established to serve local private, public, and listed enterprises as well as international companies looking to invest in Argentina, at every stage of their business lifecycle.
Kreston BA Argentina is run by Ricardo Gameroff and Esteban Babino, who have nearly six decades of local and international experience from big four accounting firms between them as well as holding CPA, CFE and MBA certifications in Argentina and the United States. They are fluent in English and possess a deep understanding of both local and global business cultures. The new firm has a total of 10 employees based in Buenos Aires and provides a wide array of customised services covering all aspects of accounting and professional needs, from tax and legal planning to business process outsourcing solutions, financial audits, corporate fraud, internal audit and risk and legal advisory. The firm’s client base includes blue-chip clientele spanning energy, mining, manufacturing, oil & gas, utilities and agribusiness.
The addition of Kreston BA Argentina to Kreston Global’s network further strengthens its Latin America region, which consists of 25 member firms across 17 countries providing a range of financial, audit and accounting, taxation and other advisory services to large and mid-sized businesses requiring inbound and outbound growth support and set up.
Liza Robbins, Chief Executive of Kreston Global, said:
“I’m delighted to welcome Kreston BA Argentina to our network. Our Latin America region is full of energetic and collaborative firms who regularly work together on client and employee initiatives. Argentina is a really important location in the region as the country embarks on a new economic strategy. With Ricardo and Esteban’s backgrounds and their vision, I have no doubt that Kreston BA Argentina will be a great addition to our network”
“We are extremely energised to be joining the Kreston network and benefitting from its highly connected infrastructure full of firms who enjoy working together. It has a great name for servicing entrepreneurial international businesses around the world and we see the synergies it will bring for our clients and our new venture. ”
News
Pretino Albury
Partner at Kreston Bahamas
Pretino Albury, Partner at Kreston Bahamas, brings over a decade of expertise, serving clients in The Bahamas, Caribbean, and the USA. As a CPA, he specialises in management consulting, risk advisory, public accounting, and auditing across diverse industries.
Understanding BEPS implications with crypto-clients
Dealing with decentralised cryptocurrencies in the absence of global tax standards is challenging. With the worldwide rollout of the OECD’s BEPS framework, advisers and clients must collaborate to formulate an effective strategy. Robust policies aligning with international standards are essential to ensure compliance and minimise risks in cryptocurrency transactions. Below are critical considerations for crafting such policies.
Implementing robust policies
Understand BEPS implications for cryptocurrency transactions by familiarising yourself with OECD guidelines, particularly Actions 10, 13, 5, and 15. Consult with clients to gather information on their cryptocurrency business activities, transactions, and risk appetite. Conduct thorough risk assessments, addressing transfer pricing and cross-border transactions. Implement a transparent transfer pricing model and design policies to handle hybrid mismatches in cross-border cryptocurrency transactions. Establish a BEPS-compliant KYC process for crypto transactions, including identity verification, beneficial owner identification, risk assessments, and ongoing customer activity monitoring. Mandate proper disclosure, robust record-keeping, and precise procedures for identifying, reporting, and paying taxes on cryptocurrency-related income.
Risk mitigation strategies
Integrate risk mitigation into policies by developing strategies to identify and counter suspicious activity, protecting against fraud, theft, and regulatory sanctions. Include clear procedures for reporting suspicious activity, robust anti-money laundering programs, and legal expertise to prevent asset seizure. Implement cybersecurity measures to safeguard against cyberattacks and unauthorised access.
Educate client personnel comprehensively on the newly implemented cryptocurrency policies to ensure an understanding of requirements and risks. Provide training on the rationale behind each approach and their role in implementation and adherence.
Continuous compliance monitoring
Continuously check and review compliance by establishing a system to monitor adherence to the BEPS-compliant cryptocurrency policy. Stay updated on evolving regulations and tax laws, regularly reviewing and updating client policies to ensure ongoing compliance with changing rules and standards.
Tech-tools for efficient monitoring
Utilise tech tools for efficiently monitoring cryptocurrency transactions, employing advanced technologies and analytics to trace transaction history and identify potential risks like money laundering and tax evasion. These tools can detect anomalies, assign risk scores, and enable real-time monitoring for immediate identification and recording of suspicious activity. Additionally, technology aids in staying updated on evolving rules and regulations across jurisdictions, ensuring accurate and timely tax calculations, payments, and reporting through AI, blockchain, and cloud systems.
Collaboration with tax authorities
Maintain open communication and collaboration with tax authorities to align cryptocurrency policies with expectations, preventing unforeseen issues and demonstrating commitment to compliance.
Building BEPS-compliant cryptocurrency policies is an ongoing process, requiring continuous collaboration and adaptation to the evolving cryptocurrency landscape. Advisers must partner effectively with clients for the long term, implementing and maintaining robust policies. By following these steps, advisers can navigate the complexities of cryptocurrency taxation, minimize BEPS risk, and strengthen client relationships in a landscape with an estimated 420 million crypto users worldwide.
Wellington Calobrizi, Partner at Kreston KBW Auditores, brings expertise in Direct Taxes and an experience in projects with major brands. As a partner at b2finance, he established their first office in Curitiba-PR, specializing in Audit, BPO, Tax Consulting, Valuation, and IT services. With a degree in Accounting Sciences from FECAP, Wellington is known for his entrepreneurial spirit and knowledge in tax consultancy.
Tax reform in Brazil: Impact on businesses
March 13, 2024
Sector:Finance
Tax reform in Brazil a topic that had been stagnant for decades, is gaining momentum. As a thriving economy in Latin America, the pace at which regulation is now being brought into law is testing the business industry. Recently, new tax law was given approval in the Chamber of Deputies in July 2023 and then underwent Senate deliberation by October 2023.
Once a central focus of national discourse, this reform held the promise of transformative changes within the country’s tax sphere. During this upheaval, the pressing question emerged: How would small businesses fare with these changes, and were there potential advantages awaiting SMEs? To provide clarity, BWise analysed the tax reform for clients, highlighting its possible implications for the day-to-day operations of small businesses in Brazil.
Critical aspects of tax reform
The narrative surrounding tax reform in Brazil has spanned decades, culminating in a historic milestone with the approval of the text of PEC 45/19, a pivotal piece of legislation at the heart of the reform. Several vital considerations emerged as the proposal underwent scrutiny in the Federal Senate.
Firstly, the proposed unification of taxes under the Value Added Tax (VAT) system signified a monumental shift in the country’s tax structure. Federal taxes, including IPI (Tax on Industrialized Products), PIS (Social Integration and Formation of the Assets of Public Servants), and Cofins (Contribution to the Financing of Social Security), were slated for restructuring. Simultaneously, state and municipal taxes faced an overhaul with introducing the Goods and Services Tax (IBS). This restructuring aimed to bring coherence and simplicity to the existing tax framework.
Additionally, the reform introduced a Selective Tax (IS) targeting products that impacted health or the environment, marking a commitment to sustainability and public health. The determination of tax rates was governed by a Complementary Law, adding a layer of legislative precision to the reform. Further deliberations included discussions on exemptions and cashback mechanisms, focusing on sectors and populations with lower purchasing power.
Tax reform and small businesses: essential points
For small businesses that fall under the umbrella of Simples Nacional, with a revenue ceiling of up to R$ 4.8 million, the impact of the tax reform was less pronounced. These businesses could continue to leverage the benefits of the existing regime, albeit with a shift in the tax vocabulary. Nevertheless, several considerations were pertinent:
The reform aimed to streamline and simplify the tax structure, potentially reducing the number of taxes. Even for businesses under Simples Nacional, which already followed a simplified tax model, decreased tax costs could be contingent on the proposed rate changes. The reform introduced an opportunity for Simple Nacional companies to use tax credits, a previously unavailable feature within the regime. This alteration could lead to a more dynamic financial landscape for these businesses.
Another benefit was the possibility for Simples Nacional companies to opt for the value-added tax (VAT), although not mandatory. The decision to embrace VAT could be beneficial depending on the company’s position within the broader business chain. While suppliers or entities heavily involved in inputs might have found VAT to have positive advantages, service providers might still have considered Simples Nacional a more attractive model.
Businesses were encouraged to seek specialised accounting advice to fully understand how these tax updates impact doing business in Brazil. This was especially vital as tax planning, facilitated by online accounting models, became an accessible tool for small businesses to evaluate the feasibility of transitioning to the VAT proposed by the tax reform. BWise can offer strategic support, empowering small businesses to secure sustainable growth.
For more information on doing business in Brazil, click here.
News
Tatiana Andrade
Director, Kreston KBW Brazil
Tatiana Andrade, Director at Kreston KBW Brazil, is a seasoned professional with expertise in advanced English, accounting, tax management, and consultancy. With a strong background in auditing, she excels in leading teams, supported by an MBA in human development for managers. Tatiana’s commitment to excellence ensures top-tier service delivery in the complex financial landscape.
Investing in Brazil: Beating analyst’s expectations
Sector:ESG
Tatiana Andrade, Partner of Kreston KBW Auditores, shares that investing in Brazil will see economic growth, driven by market reform and ESG, attracting international and local business optimism.
Brazil’s economic growth outlook
Brazil’s economic activity expanded by 2.45% in 2023, surpassing initial forecasts that growth would be tepid in the face of high interest rates. At the beginning of last year, private economists estimated that the economy would grow by less than 1%, whereas current forecasts indicate an expansion of 2.9%, according to a weekly survey conducted by the Brazilian central bank.
Investing in Brazil opportunities
This makes Brazil the most successful Latin American economy. With a new government focus on market and tax reform and a strong emphasis on ESG, local firms are predicting a boom year, as international clients flock to its shores.
“Particularly in the second half of 2023 and in the first two months of 2024, we saw a significant increase in the demand for foreign companies wanting some type of assistance to set up or increase their business volumes in Brazil,” said Tatiana Andrade, Partner of Kreston KBW Auditores. “This shows an excellent medium and long-term scenario. As an example, the search for new international clients in our office increased by around 40% compared to the same period of the previous year, a significant increase for our international area.”
Within Kreston KBW Auditores, Andrade has noticed that the services sector is the one with the most demand for consultancy skills, particularly technology and digital marketing.
Complexities of Brazilian tax reform
The Brazilian tax system has long been complicated and frustrating, and while reform has been promised, it is still a long way away. In 2023, the Brazilian congress approved a major tax reform that had been held up for voting for many years. However, the approved proposal will take around 10 years to be fully implemented and divides opinion among tax experts as to how much benefit it will bring to businesses.
Andrade believes that when reform does come, it will not bring much in the way of simplification and that the increase in the tax burden will go from the current 20% to approximately 28%. But that is good news for the local office.
“We have been fielding a lot of enquiries, from national and especially international clients, who are very eager to see how much this will impact their operations,” said Andrade.
The international market is an important one for Kreston KBW Auditores, as this is where it can add the most value. International clients count on complete assistance from the opening of the company and the geographic location strategy, to assistance with tax planning. The founding partners have extensive experience in the national and international market and all came from auditing multinationals, including the Big Four.
Consulting services and ESG focus
With a new left-wing government in power that is keen to work with foreign investors, a maturing business environment and an aggressive push for corporate transparency to aid ESG reporting, Andrade is expecting 2024 to be a successful year.
“Our strategy is to grow by 20% in relation to revenue,” she said. “We have been strengthening our team with some major hires in 2023 and now we are feeling the effects of these new hires. An interesting moment for our office is the increase in demand for ESG, our partner in the sustainability area will have a great challenge ahead. We believe that the ESG area will grow by more than 100% compared to previous years.”
ESG is an important driver for Brazilian companies as they seek corporate transparency. It means skills such as auditing will become even more important, as auditors will be key to ensuring the quality of ESG information from audited companies to investors, stakeholders and regulators.
“In Brazil, companies listed on the stock exchange must disclose in their financial statements the effects of ESG on their operations,” said Andrade. “Although it is not mandatory for all Brazilian companies, many funds only invest in those who have a well-defined ESG policy, so companies, even if they are not obliged, have sought us out to help implement ESG in Brazil.”
Technology and R&D investment
Technology has had a huge impact on the way accountancy firms do business and the Brazilian office now sets aside a portion of revenue to be spent keeping abreast of new development.
“A minimum of 3% of revenue must be for investment in technology and R&D,” said Andrade. “In previous years we have surpassed the 5% mark of our revenue, but I think that has had a direct result on our annual growth, which always exceeds two digits.”
As Brazil blossoms under a new government, there is no reason why new entrants to the market cannot ride this wave of optimsim.
For more information on doing business in Brazil, click here.
News
ESG in Brazil: Carbon market to transfer pricing challenges
Sector:ESG
Discussions about ESG strategies have been becoming increasingly common on a global scale, with ESG in Brazil actively developing its own initiatives. A complex and strategic move that is shifting dynamics in the global economy, the culture of environmental, social, and corporate governance brings a myriad of issues that warrant careful analysis.
ESG in Brazil legislation
On the legislative front, the House of Representatives in Brazil passed PL 2148/15, which proposes the regulation of the carbon market in the country and the establishment of the Brazilian System of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading (SBCE), which sets emission caps and establishes a market for the sale of credits. For now, we are waiting for the proposal to undergo analysis and approval by the Senate.
Besides establishing unprecedented regulations in Brazil, initiatives like this significantly influence the national business environment, not only concerning domestic aspects.
Reporting ESG in Brazil
In this scenario, there is optimism for Brazil and for Latin America. According to information from the UNCTAD‘s World Investment Report 2023 – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development – foreign direct investments in Latin America and the Caribbean increased by 51%, reaching $208 billion in 2022. In Brazil, the increase was 70% ($86 billion).
According to the report, international investments in SDG sectors and activities – which relate to the Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN – also increased in 2022, resulting in the growth of projects in infrastructure, energy, water, sanitation, agricultural systems, health, and education.
The carbon offset market’s structure
Firstly, PL No. 2,148/2015 establishes a limit for greenhouse gas emissions within the corporate scope. Thus, it proposes that companies surpassing pollution levels must offset their emissions by buying credits, while those falling short of emission caps receive quotas that are tradable in the market.
The purpose is to create incentives in a way that can curb emissions and consequently the climate impacts caused by companies.
In a second stage, the regulated market of offset credits and generation of credits based on the level of greenhouse gas emissions, linked to the SBCE, comes into play. The proposal suggests a system in which Brazilian emission quotas (CBE) and certificates for verified emission reduction or removal (CRVE) can be traded.
Regarding regulation, studies already indicate that it could lead to positive economic shifts: according to research from Banco BV (BV Bank), the regulated carbon market could generate R$ 48 billion annually for the country.
Challenges
In addition to encouraging new practices in business operations, the implementation of a market guided by an ESG vision brings forth debates and initiatives in the tax aspect of organisations as well. In recent years, there has been discussion about the adoption of carbon taxes in Brazil and their potential consequences in terms of economic, financial, and social aspects.
However, a point that is not always recalled and brings with it particular challenges involves transfer pricing within the context of globalised markets or even in the transfer of goods and services between companies of the same group but headquartered in different countries.
On top of the requirement that the arbitrated price complies with RFB regulations in the case of Brazilian companies–responding to the pillars of corporate and tax governance–the new adoption of ESG indicators influences the macroeconomic dynamics between countries/multinationals themselves.
Therefore, the challenging aspects related to transfer pricing from an ESG perspective encompass everything from the costs of the value chain to a more detailed analysis of a company’s risks and its transfer assets concerning sustainable practices from an organisational standpoint.
Sustainable investments
Finally, in Brazil, the investment sector is one of the drivers of ESG practices in the market. Recent studies indicate, for example, that investors in Brazil also base their decisions on ESG disclosures from companies.
Thus, paying attention to the new economic paradigms that are moving towards sustainability has become imperative for companies, not just in terms of rhetoric, but especially to remain attractive and competitive in markets where sustainability is no longer a distant goal.
For more information on doing business in Brazil, click here.
News
Herbert M. Chain
Shareholder, Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C, Deputy Technical Director, Global Audit Group, Kreston Global
Herbert M. Chain is a highly experienced auditor and is a financial expert with over 45 years of experience in business, accounting, and audit, having served as a Senior Audit Partner at Deloitte. He holds certifications from the National Association of Corporate Directors and the Private Directors Association, with knowledge of private company governance and effective risk management. He has extensive knowledge in the financial services sector, including asset management and insurance. Herb is a member of MHM’s Attest Methodology Group and serves as Deputy Technical Direct of Kreston Global’s Global Audit Group.
Auditing standards: Unpacking SAS 143 and SAS 145 updates
March 12, 2024
In his comprehensive overview, Herbert M. Chain from MHM explores the recent updates to SAS 143 and SAS 145, which signify significant milestones in auditing standards. Read the full article here, or the summary below.
Overview of SAS 143 and SAS 145
The issuance of SAS No. 143, focusing on Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related Disclosures, and SAS No. 145, centered on Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing Risks of Material Misstatement, represents a significant advancement in auditing standards. These standards offer auditors extensive guidance for testing accounting estimates, particularly those involving fair value, and outline essential requirements for grasping the entity’s internal control system. This is crucial in navigating the complexities of the contemporary economic, technological, and regulatory accounting environment.
SAS 143: Auditing accounting estimates
Effective for audits of periods ending on or after Dec. 15, 2023, SAS 143 mandates a deeper examination of uncertainties in accounting estimates, focusing on potential management bias. This involves a thorough evaluation of assumptions, especially for significant judgments like fair value measurements. The standard necessitates a detailed risk assessment tailored for complexities in auditing accounting estimates, providing guidance on responsive audit procedures, including assessing the suitability of valuation models and data integrity for fair value estimates. SAS 143 aims to enhance transparency and accountability in fair value estimation, ultimately improving the quality and reliability of these estimates for increased stakeholder trust.
Key changes from SAS 143
Key changes to auditing standards in SAS 143 include a heightened emphasis on auditors addressing estimation uncertainty and exercising professional skepticism in evaluating fair value estimates. The standard mandates a more detailed risk assessment process tailored for complexities in auditing accounting estimates, particularly fair value estimates. Additionally, auditors must assess the reasonableness of accounting estimates within the financial reporting framework, ensuring compliance with permitted methods, assumptions, and data.
SAS 143impacts
SAS 143 brings substantial changes to the audit process in assessing fair value estimates. The focus now shifts to understanding factors and assumptions behind estimates, demanding greater transparency and accountability from management. Auditors, in response, perform the following procedures:
Method Assessment: Evaluate if the method aligns with the financial reporting framework and remains consistent. Changes prompt scrutiny for potential bias.
Significant Assumptions: Ensure suitability of assumptions within the financial reporting framework, considering both positive and negative outcomes. Evaluate consistency with prior periods and other business activities, considering potential bias.
Data Evaluation: Assess data reliability, understanding sources and consistency with prior periods. Verify relevance in the context of the chosen method and assumptions, addressing potential bias.
Management’s Point Estimate: Scrutinise alternative outcomes and assumptions when management opts for a precise value (point estimate), evaluating potential bias.
Enhancing controls with SAS 145
SAS 145, also effective for audits for periods ending on or after Dec. 15, 2023, revises aspects of the risk assessment process, focusing on an entity’s internal control system. Notably, it enhances auditor responsibilities related to evaluating the design and implementation of controls, including IT general controls (ITGC). The standard recognises the increasing significance of an entity’s IT environment, requiring auditors to identify and assess ITGCs, categorised into four domains:
Security and Access: Controls ensuring appropriate user access, segregation of duties, and ongoing authorisation for IT applications and cloud providers.
Systems Change: Controls over designing, testing, and migrating changes into a production environment, with segregation of access to prevent unauthorised changes.
System Development: Controls over initial IT application acquisition, development, or implementation, including data conversion and creation of new reports.
Computer Operations: Controls monitoring financial reporting program execution, ensuring backups, and enabling timely data recovery in case of outages or cyberattacks.
While not all domains may be applicable annually, SAS 145 mandates evaluating design and implementation for relevant ITGCs within the applicable domain for each identified significant IT application. The standard also introduced the concept of a continuum of inherent risk as well as other changes.
If you are interested in doing business with Kreston Global, contact us here.
News
Ganesh Ramaswamy
Partner at Kreston Rangamani and Associates LLP, Global Tax Group Regional Director, Asia Pacific
Ganesh has extensive experience of more than 30 years in providing specialist tax services, particularly to large privately owned groups, with particular strengths in the property, retail, healthcare and hospitality industries. He has supported various entities with specialist advice on tax-effective structures and restructures, cross-border transactions on account of outbound and inbound India investments, mergers, acquisitions and divestments. Ganesh has also worked with stakeholders across businesses to deliver solutions such as tax due diligence, tax consolidation and restructuring of large family businesses in the Middle East, Asia, and Singapore.
Biodiversity standard of GRI gets an update
March 11, 2024
Sector:ESG
The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has published a biodiversity standard update which will help Corporates to provide information and analysis on the biodiversity impacts.
Overview of GRI’s biodiversity standard update
The standard GRI 101 – “Biodiversity 2024” has been updated to support Corporates around the world to disclose their significant impacts on biodiversity which comes out of their business operations and supply chain management.
GRI has agreed to support the use of the above standard over the next two years, with Corporates expected to mandatorily follow it from 2026. This revised standard builds on key global developments in the biodiversity field such as UNFCCC Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, The Science Based Target Network (SBTN) and The Taskforce on Nature Related Financial Disclosures.
Key features and requirements of GRI 101
The updated GRI standard sets new rules for reporting through transparency on biodiversity impacts. The standard suggests location specific reporting, both within the organisations’ operations and its supply chain functions. This is aimed at enabling the stakeholders to correctly assess the organisation’s impact on biodiversity.
In detail, the biodiversity standard focuses on achieving the following objectives:
Covering the areas where significant impacts on biodiversity gets poorly reported especially in supply chain management.
Location specific reporting on impacts including all places where impacts are felt with detailed information of the place and site where the impact has been felt.
Disclosure norms on biodiversity loss covering the areas of land misuse, climate change, pollution and over exploitation.
Reporting the impacts on society including those on communities and indigenous people.
Corporate responsibilities in addressing biodiversity loss
The Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services has come out with an assessment report which sends a warning that 50% of the global economy is under threat due to biodiversity loss. The GRI update on Biodiversity standards has come up against this background.
Corporates need to take immediate steps to reverse the biodiversity loss, restore nature to its glory, respect the rights, roles and contributions to sustain biodiversity along the supply chain. When these actions of the Corporates are validated and communicated in the form of a report brought out by GRI, all the stakeholders in the system will definitely end up benefitting from this transparency.
For more information on Kreston Global’s sustainability hub, click here.
News
Frank Sánchez Ruiz, CPA, CMA, CIA, CGFM, CGMA,
Managing Partner at Kreston PR
Investing in Puerto Rico: Low tax jurisdiction for investors
March 7, 2024
Investing in Puerto Rico has proven lucrative, experiencing an 11% growth in its economy since 2019, despite the challenges felt globally from COVID-19, a global recession and increasing supply chain challenges. So far in 2024, the International Monetary Fund records the island as having the highest GDP per capita in the Caribbean.
Puerto Rico (PR) can claim several advantages that can be attributed to this growth. It is a strategic Caribbean geographic location, offering political stability, modern infrastructure, and a highly skilled bilingual workforce (Official languages are Spanish and English). It is the main air and sea access hub in the Caribbean, with multiple flight options to and from the major cities of the United States, Latin America, and Europe.
Unincorporated United States territory
Secondly, Puerto Rico enjoys the United States constitutional, legal, financial, and regulatory protection, including among others, intellectual property, Homeland Security matters, and banking system. The U.S. dollar is also the official currency, and no passport is required for U.S. citizens.
Recent tax incentives
Thirdly, Puerto Rico enjoys fiscal autonomy and has a number of tax incentives to attract investment. Puerto Rico recently published legislation designed to boost remote PR workers. The governor, Pedro Pierluisi, signed the new act into law on January 17, 2024. This legislation builds on Act 52-2022, targeting the enhancement of the foreign private sector’s remote work force in PR.
Tax incentives for local and foreign companies and individuals
During 2019 PR enacted legislation to compile all previous PR tax exemption laws into Act 60, that has attracted foreign and local businesses, and non-resident high net worth individuals who relocate to PR, contributing to the overall economic health of the island. The benefits cover a number of industries attractive to investors, most notably:
Export of Goods and/ or Services–Act 60- 2019 (Formerly Act 20)–Available to businesses established in Puerto Rico that offer services or sell goods to customers or clients outside Puerto Rico.
Manufacturing, Research and Development – Act 60-2019 (Formerly Act 73) – Available for manufacturing, R&D and high-tech industries that invest in the island. Manufacturing, Research and Development – Act 60-2019 (Formerly Act 73) – Available for manufacturing, R&D and high-tech industries that invest in the island.
Creative Industries – Act 60-2019 (Formerly Act 27) – Available for entities engaged in film production, postproduction, and similar creative projects.
Green Energy – Act 60-2019 (Formerly Act 83-325) – Incentive is available for entities engaged in the production/sale of green energy, sale of equipment, assembly, or installation of green energy equipment.
Visiting Economy (Tourism – Formerly Act 74) – Available for businesses engaged in tourism activities.
Income Tax rate
Among its benefits, Act 60 grants a reduced income tax rate from 37.5% to 4% on eligible activities as well as 100% exemption on distributions from earnings and profits on those activities, designed to stimulate growth in key industries and attract investors to the country. The tax decree also provides exemptions on indirect taxes (municipal license, property taxes, excise tax, among others) that ranges from 50% to 100% of exemption, making investment even more appealing to local and foreign businesses.
Individual resident investor and other tax incentives
Non-resident high net worth individuals who relocate to Puerto Rico also benefit from additional tax grant benefits under Act 60. Also, there are other tax incentives for those engaged in providing highly skilled medical professional services (physicians), professional researchers or scientists, small and medium enterprises (PYMES), young entrepreneurs, public porters of air transportation, maritime transport services, infrastructure investment and agriculture.
Low tax jurisdiction
This legislative update is a key component of Puerto Rico’s strategy to stimulate economic growth, attract global talent, and encourage the development of a diverse and resilient economy, emphasising the significance of investing in Puerto Rico.
If you would like to speak to someone about doing business in Puerto Rico, please get in touch.
News
Pretino Albury
Partner at Kreston Bahamas
Pretino Albury, Partner at Kreston Bahamas, brings over a decade of expertise, serving clients in The Bahamas, Caribbean, and the USA. As a CPA, he specialises in management consulting, risk advisory, public accounting, and auditing across diverse industries.
Understanding BEPS implications with crypto-clients
Dealing with decentralised cryptocurrencies in the absence of global tax standards is challenging. With the worldwide rollout of the OECD’s BEPS framework, advisers and clients must collaborate to formulate an effective strategy. Robust policies aligning with international standards are essential to ensure compliance and minimise risks in cryptocurrency transactions. Below are critical considerations for crafting such policies.
Implementing robust policies
Understand BEPS implications for cryptocurrency transactions by familiarising yourself with OECD guidelines, particularly Actions 10, 13, 5, and 15. Consult with clients to gather information on their cryptocurrency business activities, transactions, and risk appetite. Conduct thorough risk assessments, addressing transfer pricing and cross-border transactions. Implement a transparent transfer pricing model and design policies to handle hybrid mismatches in cross-border cryptocurrency transactions. Establish a BEPS-compliant KYC process for crypto transactions, including identity verification, beneficial owner identification, risk assessments, and ongoing customer activity monitoring. Mandate proper disclosure, robust record-keeping, and precise procedures for identifying, reporting, and paying taxes on cryptocurrency-related income.
Risk mitigation strategies
Integrate risk mitigation into policies by developing strategies to identify and counter suspicious activity, protecting against fraud, theft, and regulatory sanctions. Include clear procedures for reporting suspicious activity, robust anti-money laundering programs, and legal expertise to prevent asset seizure. Implement cybersecurity measures to safeguard against cyberattacks and unauthorised access.
Educate client personnel comprehensively on the newly implemented cryptocurrency policies to ensure an understanding of requirements and risks. Provide training on the rationale behind each approach and their role in implementation and adherence.
Continuous compliance monitoring
Continuously check and review compliance by establishing a system to monitor adherence to the BEPS-compliant cryptocurrency policy. Stay updated on evolving regulations and tax laws, regularly reviewing and updating client policies to ensure ongoing compliance with changing rules and standards.
Tech-tools for efficient monitoring
Utilise tech tools for efficiently monitoring cryptocurrency transactions, employing advanced technologies and analytics to trace transaction history and identify potential risks like money laundering and tax evasion. These tools can detect anomalies, assign risk scores, and enable real-time monitoring for immediate identification and recording of suspicious activity. Additionally, technology aids in staying updated on evolving rules and regulations across jurisdictions, ensuring accurate and timely tax calculations, payments, and reporting through AI, blockchain, and cloud systems.
Collaboration with tax authorities
Maintain open communication and collaboration with tax authorities to align cryptocurrency policies with expectations, preventing unforeseen issues and demonstrating commitment to compliance.
Building BEPS-compliant cryptocurrency policies is an ongoing process, requiring continuous collaboration and adaptation to the evolving cryptocurrency landscape. Advisers must partner effectively with clients for the long term, implementing and maintaining robust policies. By following these steps, advisers can navigate the complexities of cryptocurrency taxation, minimize BEPS risk, and strengthen client relationships in a landscape with an estimated 420 million crypto users worldwide.
Experts in our ESG committee assess the development of ESG in North America, examining the effects of new legislation and how it is changing doing business in the region during the early months of 2024.
SEC proposed rule–The enhancement and standardisation of climate-related disclosures for investors
In March 2022, the SEC proposed rules to enhance and standardise climate-related disclosures for investors that would apply to all SEC registrants. Issuance of the final rule has been delayed multiple times due to the large amount of critical feedback received during the comment period, and is now expected by April, 2024.
Climate-related disclosure
Disclosures included in this new section on Form 10-K would address:
Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (based on the Greenhouse Gas Protocol).
Climate-related risks and opportunities.
Climate risk management processes.
Climate targets and goals.
Governance and oversight of climate-related risks.
Footnotes to the audited Financial Statements
Disclosures in the in a footnote to the financial statement would provide financial statement metrics for climate-related events (e.g., severe weather) and transition activities (e.g., efforts to reduce GHG emissions). Such disclosures would also be subject to a registrant’s internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) and external audit.
SEC proposed rule–Human capital management disclosures
Included on the SEC’s Rule Agenda for October 2023 is a proposed rule to enhance registrant disclosure regarding human capital management and is expected to explain what information companies need to include in Form-10K when discussing topics such as safety and diversity.
SEC–Corporate Board diversity proposed rule
Included on the SEC’s Rule Agenda for April 2024 is a proposed rule to enhance registrant disclosure about the diversity of board members and nominees.
Proposed climate disclosure rule for federal contractors
Under the proposed rule by the Federal Acquisition Regulation, federal contractors would be required to disclose their greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emission levels and set science-based reduction targets. There is no set date for the final rule; it could potentially be late 2023 or early 2024.
Contractors receiving between $7.5MM and $50MM in federal contracts (significant contractors) will be required to disclose their Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions. Compliance timeline for reporting is one year from the final rule effective date.
Contractors receiving more than $50MM in federal contracts (major contractors) will be required to disclose their Scope 1 and 2 emissions and “relevant” Scope 3 emissions. Compliance timeline for reporting Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions is one year from the final rule effective date and for Scope 3 emissions, two years from the final rule effective date. Additionally, major contractors will be required to disclose its climate-related financial risk factors and to develop science-based emissions targets. Compliance timeline is two years from the final rule effective date.
California climate disclosure bills
California issued three pieces of legislation into law in October 2023 that imposes climate-related disclosure obligations on companies with certain ties to California.
Voluntary Carbon Market Disclosures Act (AB 1305)
AB 1305 is focused on voluntary carbons offsets (“VCOs”) and related net zero claims. AB 1305 applies to entities that operate and make emissions claims within California or buy/sell VCOs within California, regardless of size or revenues.
Companies making claims regarding net zero emissions or carbon neutral status will be required to disclose how it determined the accuracy of such claims.
Companies making emissions claims and buying or using VCOs will be required to disclose detailed information about the VCOs.
Companies marketing or selling VCOs will be required to disclose details regarding the carbon offset project.
The effective date of AB 1305 is January 1, 2024, with information updated at least annually.
Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act (SB 253)
SB 253 is focused on greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions reporting in compliance with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (“GHG Protocol”). SB 253 applies to public and private U.S. companies with total annual revenue, regardless of where the revenue was generated (including revenue generated outside the United States) greater than $1 billion that “do business in California”.
Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions
Companies will be required to publicly disclose its annual Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions in 2026 (on prior fiscal year information, i.e., 2025). Limited assurance is required initially, and reasonable assurance is required for 2029 information (filed in 2030).
Scope 3 emissions
Companies will be required to publicly disclose its annual Scope 3 GHG in 2027 (on prior fiscal year information, i.e., 2026).
Scope 3 emissions reporting will not be due until 180 days after Scope 1 and Scope 2 information is publicly disclosed. Limited assurance on Scope 3 emissions will be required beginning in 2030 (on 2029 information) but is subject to change pending further guidance.
SB 261 is focused on climate-related financial risk reporting in line with the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures. SB 261 applies to public and private U.S. companies with total annual revenue, regardless of where the revenue was generated (including revenue generated outside the United States) greater than $500 million that “do business in California”.
Companies meeting the reporting requirements of SB 261 are required to biennially prepare and publicly disclose a report detailing climate-related financial risks and measures adopted to mitigate climate-related financial risk.
There are no assurance requirements for SB 261. A company must make its report publicly available on its website by January 1, 2026, and biennially thereafter.
The practitioner’s guide to the OECD Multilateral Convention
January 18, 2024
Multinational firms leverage intangible assets in the rapidly changing digital landscape, posing challenges to outdated tax regulations. The OECD addresses this with a two-pillar solution, highlighting the crucial role of the Multilateral Convention in swiftly implementing the subject tax rule (STTR) to reshape global taxation for fairness and efficiency.
Challenges in international taxation amidst digital transformation
In the digital transformation era, multinational enterprises (MNEs) exploit intangible assets like intellectual property and data to reap substantial profits across borders without a physical presence. Outdated international tax rules struggle to cope with this virtual reality, enabling MNEs to circumvent taxes through “nexus” and “profit allocation” tactics.
The OECD’s Two Pillar solution
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) has devised a Two Pillar Solution to address this. This initiative aims to establish global consistency and transparency, ensuring MNEs pay a minimum level of tax on their global profits, regardless of where they are generated.
The first pillar involves the establishment of a global minimum tax, requiring legislative changes in jurisdictions with tax rates below the minimum. The second pillar, Subject to Tax Rule (STTR), closes loopholes in intragroup payments, preventing profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions.
Catalyst for fair taxation and global consistency
In October 2023, the OECD introduced the Multilateral Convention, a crucial STTR implementation tool. This convention allows source jurisdictions to “tax back” certain intra-group payments, promoting fair taxation and protecting the tax base of developing countries.
The STTR’s swift implementation is facilitated by the Multilateral Convention, offering a streamlined process through simultaneous tax law modifications across multiple nations. This unified approach becomes effective from 1 January, 2025, benefiting companies with a fiscal year aligning with the calendar year.
While the speedy implementation of the STTR is a positive step, it has progressed ahead of other Pillar Two rules. The benefits of the Multilateral Convention include:
ensuring quick STTR implementation
levelling the playing field for developing countries
providing a fair framework for reclaiming taxing rights
In summary, the Multilateral Convention plays a crucial role in accelerating the implementation of STTR regulations, ensuring a fair and efficient global tax landscape for multinational enterprises.
Julius Cincala is a partner at Kreston Slovakia, leading risk advisory and management consulting practices.
Zuzana Siderova
Tax Manager, Tax Advisor and Transfer pricing specialist, Kreston Slovakia
Zuzana, a Slovak accounting specialist, manages tax advisory and compliance projects, has expertise in financial audits, corporate and personal taxation, international taxation, value-added taxation, and transfer pricing across diverse business domains.
EU Sustainability Regulations
January 12, 2024
Sector:Energy, ESG, Finance
Central Europe’s manufacturing sector is being reshaped by EU Sustainability regulations, impacting countries like Slovakia, Romania, and Hungary. The aftermath of the Ukraine war and Germany’s reevaluation of its reliance on China have disrupted supply chains, driving up power costs and prompting a shift towards cleaner energy sources.
EU sustainability regulations impact on Central European manufacturing
Central Europe has traditionally played a smaller role in global manufacturing figures than other European neighbours. However, since the outbreak of the Ukraine war and Germany’s pre-Covid reliance on China, broken supply chains have driven up power costs.
Higher prices and new carbon reduction regulations favourably reposition countries like Slovakia, Romania and Hungary who have some of the highest shares of electricity from clean sources well above the West European average.
As the European Union grapples with balancing new environmental standards and maintaining its competitive edge on the global market, ambitious countries like Slovakia are becoming test beds for the new sustainability-focused landscape. With the advent of carbon emissions reporting within the EU, will listed and large companies relocate in droves to save money and carbon?
Driving carbon emissions down and costs up
The EU’s commitment to environmental sustainability is not without its challenges. Činčala believes that it will be easier to relocate manufacturing outside of Europe, rather than deal with the complexity of carbon emission reporting, while the process is being established,
“Slovakia has always been an industrial country. However, the higher power costs have seen companies seek to relocate manufacturing operations to China. We see this with our clients now. They are freezing operations as transforming their business to meet carbon emissions far outweighs any cost saving or carbon saving they receive from being in Slovakia.
Tax on imports
Although alarming, Činčala has been advising the Slovak government on dealing with these challenges for over 25 years, so has a clear view on the options available to the EU.
“If we want higher investments in green energy and business transformation we have to invest more in education, people, and transformation models. Currently, products that are manufactured outside of the European Union are cheaper because they’re not subject to the same level of regulation and transformation costs we face in the EU. This is why we need to find a way to fortify ourselves and our market. For example, by introducing new tax regulations on products made in third countries and imported into the EU.”
Transfer pricing compliance
With some unrest in the region, Činčala’s colleague, tax expert Zuzana Sidorová, has advice for any businesses moving operations around Europe, specifically into Slovakia,
“In recent months, a number of companies have approached us to transfer their business from Ukraine territory to Slovakia or to another European country.”
In Slovakia, any company that does transactions within its group, either locally or across borders, must follow transfer pricing rules, in line with the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines.
Common Transfer Pricing challenges in Slovakia
In Slovakia, many international companies are considered “limited risk,” like manufacturers, distributors, or service providers. These companies often report losses despite having little decision-making power. Sidorová has clear advice for companies with limited risk businesses in satellite European countries;
“From a transfer pricing perspective, they shouldn’t be reporting losses. Tax authorities often investigate these loss-reporting, internationally-owned companies, leading to lengthy and difficult tax audits. These audits can result in extra corporate taxes and can be extended to cover multiple tax periods.”
Transfer Pricing benchmarks
Sidorová advises her clients making cross-border or local (Slovak) intra-group transactions needs to review and update its transfer pricing file on a yearly basis. The benchmarking analysis must be prepared every three years, with annual financial updates of comparables (compliance with OECD transfer pricing guidelines).
Staying competitive
As the EU intensifies its sustainability focus, companies in Slovakia must adapt quickly. Success hinges on embracing green technology and understanding local tax and transfer pricing rules. It’s essential for businesses to align their operations with EU environmental goals, not just to comply with regulations, but to stay competitive and sustainable in the long run. Keeping up to date with any rapid tax updates in response to competitive markets is vital to maintain the viability of companies based in Slovakia. This strategic alignment by Slovakian companies is not only crucial for their own sustainability but also serves as a model for the wider European Union, demonstrating how economic resilience and environmental responsibility can coexist and drive progress across the continent.
Sharon Omer-Kaye, a taxation specialist with 30+ years of experience, started her career at HMRC in 1989 and later transitioned to private practice in 1991. Armed with qualifications from the Chartered Institute of Taxation, Association of Taxation Technicians, and Society of Trusts & Estate, she excels in navigating tax complexities. Additionally, her affiliation with the Personal Finance Society/Chartered Insurance Institute highlights her expertise in personal finance and insurance.
Investing in the United Kingdom
Sector:Finance
Sharon Omer-Kaye, a partner at James Cowper Kreston, shares her insights on the challenges and opportunities for investing in the United Kingdom.
Investment landscape: a delicate balance
As economic uncertainties loom over the UK, the investment landscape has witnessed a delicate balance between risk appetite and caution among HNWIs. Sharon Omer-Kaye notes, “It’s a balance. People have a widespread investment appetite, and some are more comfortable taking a degree of risk.” While some investors seek perceived safer options, enticed by higher interest rates on cash returns reaching up to 6%, a more sophisticated perspective recognises elevated inflation’s impact on such returns’ attractiveness.
Government gilts, particularly appealing to those subject to higher tax rates, have emerged as a short-term strategic option, offering a potential compound return of over 8%. Meanwhile, investment managers appear to be tactically diverting funds towards commodities, such as gold and silver, to hedge against equity downturns amid market volatility.
In the equities space, the volatility in the FTSE is viewed as an opportunity for investments in undervalued UK companies. The property market undergoes a distinctive transformation, with a division in investor sentiment. While some divest from property portfolios anticipating a decline, others view the correction as an opportunity to acquire properties at discounted rates, especially in the residential market facing a correction in the imbalance between wages and property prices.
Restoring confidence and stability
Amid the challenging economic environment, the focus shifts to factors that HNWIs seek to restore confidence and stability. Omer-Kaye emphasises the importance of recognising the broader global challenges, extending beyond the UK. Political stability becomes a critical factor influencing market sentiment, with frequent changes in leadership creating market nervousness.
She notes, “Achieving political stability and clarity is essential to calming the markets.” Lack of clarity creates a void in decision-making and restoring confidence hinges on resolving uncertainty about the future landscape and regulatory framework.
Mitigating risks
In navigating risks associated with the UK’s economic challenges, HNWIs adopt strategic approaches, assessing the current climate for potential investment opportunities. Omer-Kaye highlights the importance of a holistic view, considering exposure to cash, various investments, and tax-efficient instruments.
The strategic examination of the tax landscape becomes a crucial avenue for risk mitigation. Leveraging tax wrappers such as ISAs, EIS, and VCT investments provides a framework for strategic tax planning, aligning with the UK’s favourable tax regime for investing in high-growth companies.
Uncertainty: challenges and opportunities
Addressing the question of whether uncertainty is chasing away investors, Omer-Kaye suggests that the situation is nuanced. While some individuals may find the risks unappealing, uncertainty can create opportunities for confident investors. Political uncertainty contributes to hesitation, but the speaker dismisses the idea of investors being chased away, emphasising a wait-and-see approach.
The fluidity of the situation is acknowledged, with high-net-worth individuals exploring options without an immediate exodus. Commitment to the UK is highlighted, focusing on planning to navigate potential changes rather than an immediate departure.
A cautious optimism
High-net-worth individuals are encouraged to approach change flexibly, recognising that economic, political, and personal landscapes constantly change. In the face of uncertainty, innovation and adaptability become the guiding principles for navigating the economic landscape, demonstrating high-net-worth individuals’ resilience and strategic acumen in challenging times.
Sharon states, ‘As doors close, others open, prompting a need for innovative thinking and adaptability.’
Investing in Romania is attracting budget-focused businesses eyeing expansion in Eastern Europe. Eduard Pavel from Kreston Romania sheds light on the current economic trends, investment climate, and the opportunities that Romania presents to the global business community.
2022 FDI Surge
In 2022, Romania witnessed a rise in foreign direct investment (FDI), marking a phase of steady economic growth. Despite this progress, Pavel points out a significant gap when compared to Germany’s FDI inflows. He states, “Romania did experience growth in 2022, but the amount is still significantly less than that of Germany.” This observation highlights Romania’s growing, yet comparatively modest, position in the European investment landscape.
A Cautious Perspective on Investment Trends
After a shift in investment patterns, Pavel provides a cautious assessment of the general trend towards diversifying supply chains, a direct pivot from China to Europe, specifically Romania, isn’t definitively established.
“We cannot confirm that [clients] have shifted away from China and towards European suppliers.”
The Role of Green Energy
Romania’s green energy initiatives, while not the primary attractor, are influencing business decisions. According to Pavel, these initiatives are a contributing factor, albeit not the main reason behind multinational corporations’ interest in Romania. “The country’s green initiatives do play a role in attracting businesses,” he notes, indicating that Romania’s environmental commitments are resonating with the global business ethos. “Despite the emphasis on green energy, there hasn’t been a significant increase in inquiries from multinationals looking to relocate or start businesses in Romania due to these initiatives.”
Digitalisation and automation
One of the most pronounced trends observed in the past year is the shift towards automation and digitalisation. Pavel attributes this change to the pandemic, which has altered business practices globally. “Clients are paying more attention to automation and digitalisation,” he remarks, highlighting a broader trend that is influencing business strategies in Romania and beyond.
Outlook for 2024
Looking ahead to 2024, Eduard Pavel offers practical advice for international businesses considering expansion into Romania. He emphasises the importance of understanding local market dynamics and the regulatory environment. “Make sure to research the market, understand the legislation, and pay attention even to the nuances,” Eduard advises, underlining the need for a well-informed approach. He also stresses the significance of building long-term relationships in Romania’s relationship-driven business culture.
Rezar Llukaçej, Founder and Managing Partner of Kreston Albania, boasts over 20 years of extensive experience in the financial services industry. Throughout his career, he has diligently cultivated a vision aimed at establishing a distinctive company within the market, fueled by a commitment to excellence and the inheritance of core values.
Investing in Albania
Investing in Albania is driving the transformation of the nation into a hub for foreign investments in the heart of the Balkans. Central to this shift is the strategic repositioning of Albanian resorts, like Ksamil, as cost-effective alternatives to well-known European destinations.
Rezar Llukaçej, managing partner at the Kreston Albania office in Tirana, provides a comprehensive local perspective on the evolving economic landscape, shedding light on the factors that are establishing the groundwork for Albania’s EU accession.
Regulatory advancements fueling growth
Albania’s investment appeal has been significantly bolstered by proactive regulatory developments in the past year, offering preferential changes to some sectors they are keen to see grow. Rezar Llukaçej stresses that these sectors have seen the adoption of special legislation aimed at encouraging strategic investments, crucial for the nation’s economic development, “Albania maintains a liberal foreign investment regime to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The FDI flow in 2022 exceeded EUR 1.37 billion, thanks to the government prioritising sectors like tourism, manufacturing, energy, agriculture, oil and mining, and ICT.”
Albania’s FDI safeguards
Llukaçej identifies the key to the success of these improvements has been special legislation aiming to encourage and incentivise strategic investments.
“It calls for important capital investments that are implemented in key economic sectors, strategic for the development of the country.”
“The Law on Foreign Investment provides comprehensive safeguards for foreign investors,” Llukaçej says. He explains that it permits 100% foreign ownership in most industries, with only minor restrictions in areas like air transport and television broadcasting. He further highlights the pivotal role of the Albanian Investment Development Agency (AIDA), which guides foreign investors through the application process and confers the status of strategic investment/investor.
Llukaçej highlights it is not all smooth sailing, but the Albanian government has not taken its eye off the ultimate goal,
“There is always a demand for improvement in the regulatory framework and the government is actively working in that direction of maximising the opportunities to attract investors in the country due to the twining transition impact in the economy and industrial transformation.”
Sector-specific trends: Energy, tourism, real estate, and construction opportunities
Llukaçej notes significant growth in energy and tourism, “Albania has worked on various energy projects to diversify and improve its energy infrastructure, developing the potential to improve its energy efficiency. There has been an increase in interest from investors regarding solar and wind projects, plus the development of hydropower projects, as Albania has significant hydroelectric potential. The country has also worked on interconnection projects with neighbouring countries to increase energy security.”
Tourism, has also seen remarkable development. “The Bank of Albania has even announced recently that in the first 6 months of 2023, the expenses of foreigners who travelled to Albania reached a total of EUR 1.55 billion. This is the highest figure recorded after the 1990s. Due to this interest from investors continues to be high, as the need for new accommodation structures will enable investors to explore new investments in this sector.”
Llukaçej paints a picture of a country on the cusp of a tourism boom. “The plan for large infrastructure projects is not just about enhancing tourist experience but also about consolidating growth in this sector,” he explains.
In parallel, the real estate and construction sectors are buzzing with potential. Llukaçej’s insights reveal a nuanced investment climate, particularly appealing due to Albania’s favorable legislation for property investment. “There’s an intriguing interplay between the opportunities for foreign investors in real estate, whether it’s through leasing agricultural land or the strategic purchase of commercial properties,” he notes. This sector’s growth is intricately linked to the burgeoning tourism industry, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two.
Business development support: Skills, SMEs, and digital transformation
Llukaçej also touches on the growing importance of business skills training and education. The demand for programs focusing on business management, corporate governance, and navigating the challenges of green and digital transformations points to a burgeoning market in educational services. “This is about preparing the workforce for the future, aligning skills with the evolving demands of our economy,” he asserts.
Support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is another key focus. Llukaçej envisions a landscape where digital and social media platforms play a crucial role in promoting and inspiring SMEs. “There’s immense potential in empowering SMEs, driving innovation and growth through digital engagement,” he observes. This trend speaks to the broader digital transformation underway in Albania, emphasising the country’s commitment to embracing technology and innovation.
Looking forward, Llukaçej anticipates continued government engagement in enhancing the attractiveness for foreign investments. “There’s a marked focus on streamlining processes for investors, particularly in strategic sectors,” he notes. Digital transformation across various industries is a key trend, with companies increasingly adopting digital marketing, e-commerce, data analysis, and robotic process automation.
“Digital skills development is targeting not only the supply side, the ICT sector, but also the demand side, the different economic sectors, to tap into the opportunities of digitalisation.”
Unsurprisingly, the impact of ESG movement in Europe is profound, according to Llukaçej. “International organisations and businesses are integrating ESG standards into their development strategies,” he states. He emphasises the government’s commitment to green transition, digital transformation, and energy security as part of its broader economic strategy.
Llukaçej discusses the evolution in social corporate governance. With a global movement towards sustainable and ethical business practices, Albania is no exception. “We’re witnessing a shift towards a more competitive and resilient business environment,” he states. This trend indicates a growing demand for advisory services in corporate governance and ESG compliance, aligning Albania with international standards of business conduct.
With a smaller, more agile economy able to put digital, environmental and economic policies into practice more quickly, the IMF recently upgraded the 2023 economic growth forecast to 3.6%. A similar growth forecast for 2024, and an EU accession status that seems on track to happen at the beginning of the next decade, both suggest that the Albanian economy could deliver well on any investments.
Kreston Pedabo celebrates 25 years with rebranding
November 28, 2023
Congratulations to Kreston Pedabo in Nigeria, that recently celebrated its 25 anniversary with an Anniversary Symposium. The event was celebrated with clients and attended by Kreston Global Chief Executive, Liza Robbins, virtually. Kreston Pedabo marked its 25th anniversary in November 2023 with a strategic rebranding to expand its international services. Comprising 10 partners and 150 staff across three Nigerian locations, Kreston Pedabo specialises in audit, tax compliance, financial advisory, and more.
News
Jenny Reed
Director of Quality and Professional Standards at Kreston Global
Jenny oversees the onboarding process of prospective member firms as well as the ongoing development of training and resources. She will be working with member firms to identify priority areas for professional development and training, as well as working with Kreston’s ESG Advisory Committee.
Herbert M. Chain
MBA, CPA (USA), Director, CBIZ Marks Paneth, and Shareholder, Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.
Herbert Chain is a highly experienced author is a financial expert with 40 years of experience in business, accounting, and audit, having served as a Senior Audit Partner at Deloitte. He holds certifications from the National Association of Corporate Directors and the Private Directors Association, with knowledge of private company governance and effective risk management. He has extensive knowledge in the financial services sector, including asset management and insurance, and experience with SPACs.
Quality without borders: Quality management in a global network of firms
November 24, 2023
Quality management is crucial to maintain and enhance a global network’s reputation, protect the public interest, ensure client satisfaction, attract and retain top talent, and build a network’s competitive edge. It is also required by regulators and professional bodies.[1] Additionally, the International Standards on Quality Management (ISQM) provide a globally recognised framework for quality management in the accounting and auditing profession. Adhering to the ISQM requirements is essential for global networks to demonstrate the commitment of their member firms to delivering high-quality services.
For global networks, dispersed across countries and regions, and composed of independent firms, maintaining consistency and excellence presents unique challenges. A commitment to quality by global and firm leadership is essential to set the standard, demonstrate a tone at the top, and encourage (and require) appropriate behavior.
Critical elements of quality management
Culture, culture, culture
Leadership must emphasise the importance of quality at all levels of the network, develop a culture of quality, and communicate expectations for behavior. It must also encourage a culture of continuous improvement. This means creating an environment where staff feel comfortable identifying and reporting problems and where there is a process for addressing those problems.
It also requires those in authority within the firm to “walk the talk” (i.e., “tone from the top”) and not to ignore those who either believe themselves to be exempt from the standards that apply to others, or whose moral compass does not point to true north. Such inaction is very visible to staff and will undermine the effectiveness of a firm’s stated and/or documented policies and procedures, however good they may be.
2. Overcoming resistance to change
For most organisations, global or domestic, resistance to change can hinder the successful implementation of any initiative, including a quality management system. To overcome this, the organisation and its leadership must foster a change management culture by involving stakeholders at all levels and at all stages in the process, providing clear communication about the benefits of the new system(s), and demonstrating its positive impact on quality, firm success ad reputation, and client satisfaction.
3. Standardisation and harmonisation
One of the key factors in promoting effective quality management across a global network of independent firms is the establishment of standardisation and harmonisation protocols. Developing a set of standardised processes, methodologies, and best practices ensures uniformity in service delivery, documentation, and work performance. This can be achieved through the implementation of a global quality management system, which outlines the framework for quality objectives, procedures, and responsibilities. It should also encompass continuous improvement initiatives, regular performance reviews, and quality audits. While non-standardised methodologies and policies can still result in quality performance of services, standardisation permits effective resource sharing, scalability of operations, and consistent documentation frameworks.
In a diverse network of independent firms, there will always be aspects of quality management that need to be firm-specific for maximum effectiveness, but alignment of policies and procedures will often be beneficial and cost effective. The introduction of ISQM1 has helped accelerate this process for global firm networks.
4. Training and development
Investing in comprehensive training and development programs is vital to enhancing the capabilities and competencies of professionals within the network. Providing regular training sessions, workshops, and certifications not only strengthens technical skills but also cultivates a culture of continuous learning. Additionally, sharing knowledge and best practices among member firms through online platforms and collaborative forums fosters innovation and improvement across the network.
A focus on efficiency through these types of training and collaboration initiatives can also indirectly contribute towards audit quality. Streamlining processes and cutting out unnecessary work and/or documentation frees up staff to focus their time and effort on more important (i.e., riskier) matters.
5. Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
KPIs, sometimes known as Audit Quality Indicators (AQIs), play a vital role in measuring and monitoring quality across the network. It is important to define meaningful KPIs that align with the organisation’s overall objectives and values. These indicators should include both qualitative and quantitative metrics, such as client satisfaction ratings, adherence to industry standards, results of inspections or quality reviews, and employee training and development.
6. Client engagement and feedback
Quality management should extend beyond internal processes to include effective client engagement and feedback mechanisms. Regular communication channels should be established to capture client expectations, needs, and satisfaction levels. Implementing client feedback surveys, conducting post-engagement reviews, and actively seeking client input helps identify areas for improvement and enhances client relationships. This feedback loop is crucial for maintaining high-quality services and driving continuous improvement efforts.
7. Technology and automation
Leveraging technology and automation tools plays a vital role in streamlining processes, minimising errors, and maximising efficiency. Implementing next-generation accounting and auditing software systems (including artificial intelligence applications), data analytics tools, and workflow automation platforms can significantly improve the ability to analyze data, reduce work times, and enhance the quality of work performed. For example, dashboarding tools such as Caseware Sherlock can automatically measure and report on KPIs such as time to lock down the file, number of review points raised etc.
Regularly assessing and adopting emerging technologies ensures that the network remains at the forefront of industry advancements and accesses effective and efficient methodologies for performing engagements.
8. Monitoring and review
The network must have a system for monitoring and reviewing the quality of its work. This system should identify areas where improvement is needed and permit the network to take steps to address those areas.
Collaboration and peer review processes foster a culture of accountability and continuous improvement. These encourage cross-firm and cross-border collaboration, and allow firms to learn from one another, share best practices, and review each other’s work. Implementing robust peer review mechanisms helps identify areas for improvement, rectify errors, and ensure adherence to quality standards. The feedback received from these reviews should be used to refine processes, address gaps, and strengthen the overall quality management system.
Whilst the main objective of a global quality review program will always be to ensure that member firms can refer their clients to other member firms with confidence, the program should also aim to provide objective, constructive and friendly advice and recommendations to firms based on the reviewer’s own experience and best practices seen elsewhere within the network.
Constraints and overcoming the challenges
While pursuing quality management objectives, several constraints may arise. Identifying and overcoming these challenges is essential. Here are some common constraints and suggested approaches to overcome them:
Geographical and cultural diversity
The global nature of networks may introduce variations in language, cultural practices, and legal frameworks. Overcoming this constraint requires promoting cross-cultural understanding, establishing clear communication channels, and conducting regular cultural training sessions. Adaptation to local regulatory requirements while maintaining global quality standards is also crucial.
While a baseline framework is essential, it must be flexible enough to accommodate variations arising from local regulations, industry practices, and cultural norms. Encouraging local participation in the development of quality standards ensures that the quality management system is adaptable and relevant to different contexts.
Whilst challenging, diversity within the network can also have a positive benefit, providing firms with new perspectives and insights from those firms who take a different approach. Collaborating internationally can generate ideas and ways of thinking that can unlock innovative solutions to problems and challenges.
Resource allocation
Unequal distribution of resources and varying levels of expertise among member firms can hinder quality management efforts. Addressing this constraint involves developing resource-sharing mechanisms, fostering collaboration, and conducting knowledge transfers among firms, recognising that when accomplished, the network as a whole is stronger and all benefit. Centralised resource pools, mentorship programs, and secondment (i.e., outsourcing) opportunities can help balance expertise and optimise resource allocation.
Compliance and regulatory challenges
Different countries may have different compliance requirements and regulatory frameworks, making it challenging to maintain consistent quality practices. Overcoming this constraint necessitates establishing an understanding for such differences and incorporating them into the design of any quality management system. Standardising core compliance processes while allowing for necessary local adaptations ensures compliance while preserving quality standards.
With a global network also comes the requirements to monitor services provided to clients across the network to minimise the risks of breaches of the independence rules on financial interests, mutuality of interest, and scope of services. This has been a significant emphasis on the part of the largest global firms and their networks, especially as related to their public clients, but it also is important for mid-sise networks and even associations. These risks can be overcome by effective communications among network member firms, awareness of services being provided by member firms, and, as often practiced by the larger global networks, the designation of a lead client relationship partner for the client whose responsibilities include monitoring and improving services to be provided by the network before engagement. Firms have also made significant investments in technology to track global services being provided by member firms.
Technology maturity of firms
Unequal technological infrastructure and varying levels of technological maturity can impede effective quality management. Overcoming this constraint involves providing adequate technical support, training, and access to essential technologies, providing standardised tools and systems while allowing flexibility to accommodate local IT infrastructure and preferences. Encouraging knowledge-sharing among member firms regarding technology implementation and providing incentives for adopting new tools can drive technological advancement throughout the network.
Conclusion
Developing, implementing, and enforcing a quality management system for independent firms within a global network is a daunting, yet achievable, task. With the support of senior leadership and the board, and the support and will of the leadership of member firms, however, it is doable – and will maintain and enhance the network’s reputation, protect the public interest, ensure client satisfaction, attract and retain top talent, and build a competitive edge.
[1] Note the recent enforcement actions by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and Securities Exchange Commission, the UK’s Financial Reporting Council, and other regulatory bodies against public accounting firms relating to lapses in their engagement performance and firm-level quality management systems.
Kayode Oni is an accomplished finance analyst with a proven track record of accounting and consulting. Experienced in finance, accounting, financial analysis, investment appraisal, tax laws and regulations, consulting, project management, and data analytics, Kayode is a valuable asset in the financial sector at Kreston Pedabo.
With over 12 years of experience spanning diverse sectors such as financial services, real estate & hospitality, consumer markets, and oil & gas, Tyna Adediran is a resourceful and self-motivated Business Analyst and Management Consultant. Specialising in areas like Strategy Design & Execution, Project Management, and SME Transformation, she is known for her strong skills in data collection, diagnostics, and critical thinking. Beyond her professional expertise, Tyna is a passionate advocate for continuous learning, sustainable business practices, and youth empowerment, reflecting her commitment to making a positive impact on both the business world and society at large.
Kreston Pedabo on Africa Industrialisation Day
November 20, 2023
Sector:Energy
Agenda 2063 is Africa‘s development blueprint for inclusive and sustainable socioeconomic growth and development. African Heads of State and Governments adopted the continental agenda during the golden jubilee celebrations of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU)/African Union (AU) in May 2013. Agenda 2063 seeks to deliver on seven development aspirations, each with its own goals to move Africa closer to achieving “The Africa We Want.”
The blueprint contains key activities to be carried out in five Ten-Year implementation plans, ensuring that Agenda 2063 delivers quantitative and qualitative transformational outcomes for Africa’s people over a 50-year timeframe.
Agenda 2063
The implementation of Agenda 2063 at continental, regional, and national levels has progressed steadily during the reporting period. This is attributed to remarkable progress and achievements made towards the realisation of several goals and targets of the First Ten-Year Implementation Plan of Agenda 2063.
The data in the second continental progress report on the implementation of Agenda 2063 indicates that Nigeria has achieved a 40% score concerning the goals set for the seven development aspirations. This marks a significant increase of 208%, up from the 13% recorded in the first continental progress report on implementing Agenda 2063.
Key areas where Nigeria has contributed significantly to the implementation of Agenda 2063 include:
Increased access to internet and electricity
Reduced under-five mortality rate
Increased access to anti-retroviral treatment
Increased women’s access to sexual and reproductive health services
Reduced prevalence of underweight among under-five children
Reduced the proportion of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in the national budget
Reduced unemployment rates
Increased real GDP per capita and annual GDP growth rates
Increased enrolment in pre-primary, primary and secondary schools
Increase in the proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water and safely managed sanitation services.
Increase in the share of manufacturing in GDP.
Key beneficial legislation for international businesses
No specific, unified legislation applies to all international businesses looking to expand into Africa. The legal landscape in Africa is diverse, and each country has its own set of laws, regulations, and policies governing international business activities.
However, some regional economic communities in Africa/Trade blocs, such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), have taken steps to harmonise certain aspects of business laws among member states to facilitate trade and investment.
International businesses aiming to expand into Africa typically need to navigate a range of legal considerations, including investment laws, taxation, employment laws, industry-specific regulations, trade agreements, intellectual property laws, and local content laws, among others.
Businesses must conduct thorough due diligence and seek legal advice tailored to the country or countries in which they plan to operate. Additionally, regulations and business environments can change, so it is advisable to consult legal experts with the most recent and relevant information.
A focus on Nigeria
In Nigeria, however, efforts have been made to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) through its investment promotion agency, the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC). The NIPC Act provides the legal framework for investments in Nigeria and incentivises investors in various sectors.
The Federal Government of Nigeria has adopted rigorous efforts to ensure that areas of concern for foreign investors, such as bureaucratic red tapes, incorporation processes, taxation, capital repatriation, and visa policies, are relaxed to the fullest extent possible to open up Nigeria’s economy to fair competition and prosperity.
Consequently, in line with the NIPC Act 22, the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission regularly consults with crucial Government agencies to negotiate specific incentive packages in identified strategic areas of investment interest. These consultations have led to an increasingly attractive business environment with tax holidays for pioneer companies producing exportable goods, newly established industries in manufacturing, or expansion of production in sectors vital to the economy. The Government also grants non-tax incentives to non-pioneer firms in addition to industry-specific incentives.
NIPC Act
Section 24 of the NIPC Act provides that a foreign investor in an enterprise to which the Act applies shall be guaranteed unconditional transferability of funds through an authorised dealer in a freely convertible currency of:
dividends or profits (net of taxes) attributable to the investment;
Payments in respect of loan servicing where a foreign loan has been obtained; and
The remittances of proceeds (net of all taxes) and other obligations in the case of the sale or liquidation of the enterprise or any interest attributable to the investment.
Foreign Trade Zones
Foreign investors can set up businesses directly in Free Trade Zones (FTZs) without incorporating a company in the customs territory. Registered companies may also apply as a separate entity to operate in an FTZ that would append the company’s name with the FZE (Free Zone Enterprise) suffix to gain the FTZ benefits.
FTZ incentives include:
Exemption from all Federal, State, and Local Government Taxes, Rates, and Levies.
Duty-free importation of capital goods, machinery/components, spare parts, raw materials, and consumable items in the zones.
100% foreign ownership of investments.
100% repatriation of capital, profits, and dividends.
Waiver of all import and export licenses.
One-stop approvals for permits, operating licenses, and incorporation papers.
Permission to sell 100% of goods into the domestic market (in which case applicable customs duty on imported raw materials shall apply).
For prohibited items in the customs territory, free zone goods are allowed for sale provided such goods meet the requirement of up to 35% domestic value addition.
Rent-free land during the first 6 months of construction (for Government-owned zones).
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